HOW DVD IS MADE

Digital video disk or digital versatile disk (DVD) is a type of optical data storage medium capable of holding up to 17 giga-bytes (GB) of information. First introduced during the mid-1990s, they were developed as an improved form of compact disk (CD) technology. DVDs can produce such high quality pictures and sounds, they are expected to eventually replace both VCRs and CD players. It is anticipated that the market for DVD players will reach 10 million units by the year 2000.

Background
DVDs work much the same way as conventional CDs. Just like in a CD, the information is coded as a series of tiny pits in the disk. The pits are organized on a spiral track in a structure similar to vinyl records. By using a laser, these pits can be interpreted as binary code. When a smooth surface is read, the machine interprets the data point as a 0. When a pit is encountered, the data point is read as a 1. However, the key innovation that makes DVDs superior to CDs is the laser used to read and create the pits. DVDs use a shorter-wavelength, red laser that can place pits more densely on the surfaces of the disks. This not only allows for more data, it also requires that the disks be only half as thick as conventional CDs. Consequently, two layers can be bonded together to create a double-sided disk which has the same thickness as a CD (1.2 mm).

The DVD system has three features, which make it highly desirable including its high storage capacity, interoperability, and back-ward compatibility. In the early stages of DVD introductions, a single disk will hold as much as 4.7 GB of information. This is roughly equivalent to seven CD-ROMs. In future releases of this technology, a disk may hold up to 17 GB. This amount of storage space will literally change the way computer programs are developed and will allow for the inclusion of more video clips. The data format and laser used in DVDs will be the same for the computer players as for the television players. This will enable consumers to play the same disks in their computers that they play on their TV. DVD players will also have the ability to play current technology CDs. In this way, consumers will not have to buy replacement products for their current CD collections.

DVDs can be used for a variety of applications including movies, audio systems, computers, and video games. Since the in-formation stored on these disks are electronic, the picture quality is estimated to be three times better than conventional VHS pictures. Additionally, the picture will not degenerate with age or use. Computer programs will also benefit from DVDs. For example, programs, which used to take up multiple CDs can now be condensed onto a single DVD. Video games will also benefit from DVD technology. Since DVDs offer high memory and interactivity possibilities, video clips can be included to enhance the playing experience.

History
Developing the ability to store data for later retrieval has always been important. The first true data storage and retrieval systems were journals and ledgers. While they are still used today, they are slow, inefficient, and bulky. When the computer was being developed during the 1950s and 1960s, one of their main benefits was their ability to store and retrieve data quickly. This has now become one of the cornerstones of information storage and retrieval. Early computerized storage mediums included such things as punch cards, vinyl LPs, magnetic tape, cartridges, and magnetic disks. As computers improved, so did the data storage capabilities. In the late 1970s, the internal hard drive was introduced. Each of these data storage systems were developed to improve on the convenience and efficiency of the best storage methods available. Many of these systems continue to be improved on even today.

The development of DVD began with the introduction by Sony of the CD in the early 1980s. This new storage medium employed a laser to read tiny pits carved in a disk. The first CD audio players were introduced in 1983. They were useful because it was possible to store more than 75 minutes of music on one disk. That was nearly twice what a vinyl LP could hold. While their acceptance was slow, the CD eventually replaced vinyl records as the preferred medium of choice for audio releases.

Video CD players were introduced later in the decade. For various reasons, they never became popular enough to replace VCRs. The use of CDs in computers began during 1987. These devices were useful because they allowed storage of up to 650 megabytes (MB) on a single disk. Until then, the maximum storage on a magnetic disk was 1.3MB. Early computer CDs were slower than typical disk drives and were read only. Data transfer speeds steadily increased as did their capacity to write data. In 1994, 4X speed CD-ROMs (Read Only Memory) were introduced. In the next two years this was doubled. By 1996, 24X speed CD ROMs were available. Recordable CD players were first produced in 1996.

Introduced in 1996, the multiple write CD was developed by Matsushita using a phase-change dual process. This uses a laser to change the reflective properties of the disk. Current CD-RW recorders can use this technology.
As all these advancements in CD technology were occurring, researchers continued to search for ways to improve the storage capacity of these machines. Then, scientists discovered that by using a shorter wavelength laser, much more data could be packed on a single disk. This led to the creation of the DVD. In 1997, the first DVD players were introduced. These machines are slower than the fastest CD players and are not yet recordable. However, the next generation DVDs that are scheduled for release during 1999 will be faster and employ recording technology. Eventually, DVD is expected to replace VCRs and CD players.

Design
A DVD player is designed much like a CD player. For example, computer DVD drives are made the same size and shape as CD-ROM drives. They also have an outer plastic housing and come complete with plastic buttons on the front panel. Some DVD drives have a plastic tray, which extends out from the machine to accept disks. Others have an automatic feed system in which the disk is inserted. Inside the DVD drive, the electronics are also much the same as a CD-ROM drive. Both have sophisticated electronics and include a disk drive mechanism, a printed circuit board, and an optical system assembly. While DVD drive mechanisms come in various designs, each basically consists of a spindle that holds the disk and a motor that spins it. The circuit board contains all of the electronic components, which help convert the data being read into a usable format.

The optical system assembly is the part of the DVD that reads the data from the disk and transmits it to be converted into binary code. In a DVD machine, this consists of a redlaser diode, which has the ability to produce short-wavelength pulses. This is a low noise red laser producing light in the 600-650 nanometer (nm) range. It is much shorter than the 780 nm lasers used in conventional CDs. The other primary component of the optical system assembly is the photodiode, which receives the optical signal from the laser and converts it to an electronic signal. Highly polished lenses and mirrors make up the rest of the optical system assembly.
DVD disks also look like CD-ROMs, but the data is packed together more tightly. The surface of the disk is coated with a reflective silver layer that is protected by a thin, hard coating of lacquer. If a semitransparent gold layer is put on top of the reflective silver layer, the disk can be made to store 2 layers of data on one side. By using less power, the laser can read the data from the gold layer first and then by increasing the power, it can read the silver layer. This nearly doubles the capacity of one side to 8.5 GB. Eventually, a single double-sided disk will be able to hold up to 17 GB of data.

Since DVDs were invented primarily for movies, a compression system is required. To do this, manufacturers have agreed to use the MPEG-2 (Motion Picture Experts Group) compression system. This is a system in which only the elements of the picture that change from frame to frame are stored. For audio, Dolby digital compression is used. Because both of these compression systems are used, a decompressor or decoder must also be included in the DVD player. Currently, this is a separate card that plugs into the computer. The decoder board processes data from the disk and sends it right to the computer's graphics and audio system.

Raw Materials
A variety of raw materials are used in the construction of DVD players and disks. Glass is used to make the laser and other diodes in the system. The primary components on the circuit board are made from silicon. Aluminum metal is used for the housing as well as a hard plastic. The base material of the disks is plastic. They are additionally coated with a silver colored layer and a thin gold layer. The surface of the disk is further coated with a hard layer of lacquer to protect it from damage.

The Manufacturing Process
The components of a DVD machine are typically manufactured by separate companies and then assembled by the DVD manufacturer. The production of the component parts is a highly specialized process, and only a few companies are equipped to supply the entire industry. The main components include the optical system assembly, internal electronic circuit board and the disk drive mechanism.

Optical system
1 The optical system is made up of a laser, photodetector, prism, mirrors, and lenses. The laser and photodetector are installed on a plastic housing, and the other components are placed in specific places. Great care is taken in the positioning of each of these pieces because without proper alignment, the system will not perform properly. Electrical connections are attached and the optical system is then ready to be attached to the disk drive mechanism.

Disk drive mechanism
2 The optical system is attached to the motor that will drive it. This in turn is connected to the other principle parts of the disk drive including the loading tray (if present) and the spindle motor. Other gears and belts are attached and the entire assembly is placed in the main body.

Internal electronics
3 The electronic components of the DVD machine are sophisticated and use the latest in electronic processing technology. The circuit board is produced much like that of other electronic equipment. The process begins with a board which has the electronic configuration printed on it. This board is then passed through a series of machines, which place the appropriate chips, diodes, capacitors and other electronic pieces in the appropriate places. The process is done in a clean room to prevent damage that can be caused by airborne dust. When completed, it is sent to the next step for soldering.

4 A wave-soldering machine is used to affix the electronic components to the board. Before a board is put into the machine however, it is first washed to remove any contaminants. The board is then heated using infrared heat. The underside of the board is passed over a wave of molten solder and through capillary action, the appropriate spots are filled. As the board is allowed to cool, the solder hardens holding the pieces in place.

Final assembly and packaging
5 When all the components are ready they are assembled to produce the final product. The electronic board is hooked up to the rest of the machine and the main cover is attached. The DVD machine is then sent along to a packaging station where they are boxed along with accessories such disks, manuals, and power cords. They are then put on pallets and sent to distributors and finally customers.

Quality Control
To ensure the quality of the DVD machines, visual and electrical inspections are done throughout the entire production process and most flaws are detected. Additionally, the functional performance of each completed DVD machine is tested to make sure it works. These tests are done under different environmental conditions such as excessive heat and humidity. They involve playing a test disk, which will produce specific electronic signals. Since most DVD manufacturers do not produce all of their own parts, they rely heavily on their suppliers for good quality. Most manufacturers set their own quality specifications, which their suppliers must meet.

The Future
DVD technology is relatively new. There are many areas which will be improved in the coming years. Key developments for DVD include greater storage capacity, improved reader capability, and an increase in the number of movies available in DVD format.

Currently, the most intensely studied area of DVD technology is increasing data storage capabilities. While the technology has already been developed to produce 17GB disks, some companies have found ways to store even more. A new encoding technique is being developed that can create a three-fold improvement in DVD storage. In this method, the pits made on the disk will have varying degrees of depth. This will allow the pit to encode for numbers from 0 to 8 instead of just a 0 or 1. It is anticipated that DVD devices using this technology will be available during 1999. Other storage mediums also show some promise. A new technology has recently been demonstrated that can hold up to 30 GB of data. This system uses red lasers and a magnetic field to retrieve the data. The use of blue lasers may allow for even greater storage capacity.

Another area of improvement will be found in the ability of the DVD players to read two layers of information on a single side of the disk. Even though DVD players can theoretically read two layers of information both layers are rarely used because of its high cost. As technology improves however, this obstacle should be overcome and the full potential of DVDs may be realized.
Currently, one the most inhibiting factors in the development of DVDs is the lack of a universal standard for storing and picking up media. This is similar to the problem that developed in the 1980s between VHS and Beta videotape players. In the near future, this problem should be resolved when major DVD manufacturers agree on a format.

DON'T QUITE

When things go wrong as they sometimes will,
When the road you are trudging seems all uphill,
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit --
Rest, if you must, but do not quit.

Life is queer with its twists and turns,
As everyone of us sometimes learns,
And many a failure turns about
When he might have won, had he stuck it out;
Do not give up, though the pace seems slow -
You may succeed with another blow...

Success is failure turned inside out -
The silver tint of the clouds of doubt,
And you can never tell how close you are,
It may be nearer, when it seems afar;
So stick to the fight, when you are hardest hit -
Its when things seem worst, that you must not quit.

DON'T SEND YOUR DREAMS PACKING!!!

During any busy, stressed filled time of year there is an element which frequently gets left out of the mix.

Our goals, dreams, and widest aspirations are left behind as we forge ahead with our overscheduled calendars and madly scribbled to do lists. What also often gets set aside include our quiet time and spiritual practices.

The "Hafta's" nudge out that which really makes our lives fulfilling. The "Gotta's" block the vision of our carefully crafted dreams.

There is one fact to remember as you walk the tightrope of the busy days ahead:

Goals and Dreams do NOT go away on vacation while you are in your busiest times of year . Unfortunately, they do run the very real risk get packed into a suitcase during the Holiday season.

An even greater tragedy happens when they get put on a shelf during the hub bub of holiday happenings and are not revisited until much, much later if at all.

Use these simply guidelines to insure your Dreams and Goals stay on course during the periods of time you are most likely to be tossed off course.

o Affirm: State your dream or goal before going to sleep and as you wake up each day using either the written word, the spoken word, the thought word or all three. As you continue with this practice, you keep your dream alive.

o Integrate into holiday happenings: As you are reveling during all the holiday get togethers, steer the conversations towards dreams and goals. There is talk beyond the weather and the neighborhood and the company at the many parties you will be attending. Inspire others with your vision and invite them to share or create goals and dreams of their own.

o Touchstone: The traditional definition of a touchstone is "a stone related to flint and formerly used to test the purity of gold." Create a sort of touchstone or talisman to carry with you at all times so that when you are distracted by the stuff
of life you can reach into your pocket or bag or on a necklace to reconnect tangibly with your dream or goal.

o Visual Reminder: A photo, collage, drawing, painting or other visual reminder is also an excellent tool for keeping your dream or goal in your consciousness. If you are traveling and have to leave your larger dream boards or collages at home, make a smaller notebook sized one to carry with you for continued inspiration.

o Request support: Before your schedule gets away from you, ask a close friend to be your Goal or Dream Partner. Request regular check in's in regards to your vision during the busy season so that you will be more apt to stay on track.


Now go enjoy your most busy times and take your Dreams and Goals along with you!

WHAT IS SUCCESS

Everyone wants success. People talk about setting goals and positive thinking and getting to the top. However, most of these same people never really define what success means to them. Instead they think only in terms of the next big promotion or the next raise or climbing the corporate ladder, but few ever stop to really look at where these goals are taking them.

World-renown motivational speaker Zig Ziglar says that to define success, you should stand on the goal line of life and look into the end zone. What you want to see there sets the parameters for your definition of success.

In other words, ask most people what they want from life, and they will say, "I want to be happy." That's great, except for two things: they seldom know with any certainty what happiness actually means to them, and secondly, they never actually plan to be happy.

Instead they fall into the when-I-get-over-there-then-I'll-be-happy syndrome. If you look, you see these kinds of people every day-maybe even when you look in the mirror. "When I get that promotion, then I'll be happy." "When the kids are back in school, and I can do this, then I'll be happy." "When we get out of debt, then I'll be happy."

Problem is, it doesn't work that way. If happiness is your goal; if having been happy is something you really want to see in the end zone of your life, then you have to start being happy today. Not tomorrow, not in a week, not when "X" happens-TODAY.

So, how do you do this?

First, you must seriously ask yourself, what makes you happy? What makes you feel alive and completely in touch with the essence of yourself?

Maybe it's hiking or skateboarding or baseball or running. Maybe it's painting or music or writing or dance. Maybe it's something as simple as taking a cup of tea out to the porch to watch a sunset.

Immediately you say, "I don't have time to do that stuff. I'm busy making a living. I don't have enough time as it is." And then you wonder why you aren't happy.

If happiness is a goal you have, then you must schedule time every day to do something that makes you happy. As Annie Dillard, the author of Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, said, "How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives."

The question to you then, is how are you spending your days? The reality is that what you have right now is exactly what will be in that end zone on your last day here. Is this what you want?

If so, congratulations! If not, you can start right here, right now to make a new ending. Decide today what will be in your end zone, and then make the changes to get that in your life today. You deserve it, but don't put it off. You don't have a second to waste.

Growing Up... Or Growing Old

The first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn't already know.

I stood up to look around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady beaming up at me with a smile that lit up her entire being.

She said, "Hi handsome. My name is Rose. I'm eighty-seven years old. Can I give you a hug?"

I laughed and enthusiastically responded, "Of course you may!" and she gave me a giant squeeze.

"Why are you in college at such a young, innocent age?" I asked. She jokingly replied, "I'm here to meet a rich husband, get married, have a couple of children, and then retire and travel."

"No seriously," I asked. I was curious what may have motivated her to be taking on this challenge at her age.

"I always dreamed of having a college education and now I'm getting one!" she told me.

After class we walked to the student union building and shared a chocolate milkshake. We became instant friends. Every day for the next three months we would leave class together and talk nonstop.

I was always mesmerized listening to this "time machine" as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.

Over the course of the year, Rose became a campus icon and she easily made friends wherever she went. She loved to dress up and she reveled in the attention bestowed upon her from the other students. She was living it up.

At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I'll never forget what she taught us. She was introduced and stepped up to the podium. As she began to deliver her prepared speech, she dropped her three by five cards on the floor.

Frustrated and a little embarrassed she leaned into the microphone and simply said "I'm sorry I'm so jittery. I gave up beer for Lent and this whiskey is killing me! I'll never get my speech back in order so let me just tell you what I know." As we laughed she cleared her throat and began:

"We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There are only four secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success.

You have to laugh and find humor everyday.

You've got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die.

We have so many people walking around who are dead and don't even know it!

There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up. If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and don't do one productive thing, you will turn twenty years old. If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eight. Anybody can grow older. That doesn't take any talent or ability.

The idea is to grow up by always finding the opportunity in change.

Have no regrets. The elderly usually don't have regrets for what we did, but rather for things we did not do. The only people who fear death are those with regrets."

She concluded her speech by courageously singing "The Rose." She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives.

At the years end Rose finished the college degree she had begun all those years ago. One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep.

Over two thousand college students attended her funeral in tribute to the wonderful woman who taught by example that it's never too late to be all you can possibly be.